![]() ![]() Flattering Others: The performer compliments the perceiver.Conforming to Situational Norms: The performer follows agreed-upon rules for behavior in the organization.Suppressing emotions: Maintaining self control (which we will identify with such practices as speaking briefly and modestly).It is also known that most people give off clues which help to represent them in a positive light, which tends to be compensated for by the receiver. People use these clues to determine how to treat a person and if the intentional verbal responses given off are actually honest. When these clues are manipulated the receiver generally still has the upper hand in determining how realistic the clues that are given off are. Goffman is mostly interested in the non-verbal clues given off which are less easily manipulated. We must use these methods for the majority of the actual communication of data. The verbal intentional methods allow us to establish who we are and what we wish to directly communicate. By enacting a line effectively, a person gains positive social value or “face.” ![]() Such lines are created and maintained by both the performer and the audience. ![]() Goffman defines that when people enter the presence of others that we communicate information by verbal intentional methods and by non-verbal unintentional methods.Īccording to Goffman, individuals participate in social interactions through performing a “line” or “a pattern of verbal and nonverbal acts by which he expresses his view of the situation and through this his evaluation of the participants, especially himself” (1967, p. For social interactions to go smoothly, every interactant needs to project a public identity that guides others’ behaviors (Goffman, 1959, 1963 Leary, 2001 Tseelon, 1992). To Goffman, the self was not a fixed thing which resides within individuals, but a social process. Actors give different performances in front of different audiences, and the actors and the audience cooperate in negotiating and maintaining the definition of a situation. He communicates this view through the conceit of theatre. Goffman viewed impression management not only as a means of influencing how one is treated by other people but also as an essential part of social interaction. In explicitly laying out a purpose for his work, Goffman (1959) proposes to “consider the ways in which the individual in ordinary work situations presents himself and his activity to others, the ways in which he guides and controls the impression they form of him, and the kind of things he may or may not do while sustaining his performance before them.” (p. In his well-known work, Goffman created the foundation and the defining principles of what is commonly referred to as impression management. While earlier theorists (e.g., Burke, 1950 Hart & Burk, 1972) offered perspectives on the person as a performer, Goffman (1959) was the first to develop a specific theory concerning self presentation. Impression management is a common way for people to influence one another in order to obtain various goals. Impression management, also known as self-presentation, refers to the ways that people use to attempt to control how they are perceived by others (Goffman, 1959).īy conveying particular impressions about their abilities, attitudes, motives, status, emotional reactions, and other characteristics, people can influence others to respond to them in desirable ways. Erving Goffman popularized the concept of perception management in his book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, where he argues that impression management not only influences how one is treated by other people but is an essential part of social interaction.This form of management generally applies to the first impression. The goal is for one to present themselves the way in which they would like to be thought of by the individual or group they are interacting with. ![]()
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